The first prediction evidence of a telomere at the fusion point is shown to be true in reference 3. One lends itself to an evolutionists view and two to the viewpoint of intelligent design. Intelligent design 101 leading experts explain the key issues h. Dover area school district court case, federal judge john jones was heavily influenced by the first expert witness, evolutionist ken miller. In fact, in the appendix to intelligent design 101 i cowrote with logan gage. He then points out the scientific evidence for a fusion event on human chromosome 2. All great apes apart from man have 24 pairs of chromosomes. It was my understanding that this trial was about whether or not dover had violated the first amendment by mentioning to students that some book in the library advocated intelligent design. Jul 19, 2012 in the darwinian presentation, the fact that humans possess 23 chromosome pairs and great apes 24 clearly points to an event in which human chromosome 2 formed from a fusion, leaving in its wake the telltale sign of telomeric dna normally appearing as a protective cap at the end of the chromosome in the middle where it doesnt belong. In one of the great ironies of the modern world, the science that was expected to solve lifes mysteries has done just the opposite. The shift from 24 pairs to 23 in the hominid family tree involved the fusion.
Many of the great questions of life trace back to issues of origins. One of the leading molecular arguments for human evolution from a shared common ancestor with apes, particularly chimpanzees, is the chromosome 2 fusion model. Illustration of how chromosome fusion formed human chromosome 2 kenneth miller. Nov 24, 2006 and just to say it again hox genes clusters to me are a very good example of common design. Apr 29, 2011 new humanchimp chromosome 2 data challenge common ancestry claims. If humans evolved from an apelike creature only three to six million years ago, a mere blip in the grand scheme of the evolutionary story, why. If there is no fusion, then evolution is wrong, but if there is a fusion, then that does not mean that biblical creation is wrong. In addition, several science authors have recently published books for the. Tomkins is a research associate and received his ph. From evolution by chance to transformation by choice at. New humanchimp chromosome 2 data challenge common ancestry.
Some creationistintelligent design writers, recognizing the strength of dna. Chromosome 2 is the secondlargest human chromosome, spanning more than 242 million base pairs and representing almost eight percent of the total dna in human cells. The mystery of the missing chromosome with a special. Chromosome 2 fusion allen states the the alleged fusion would. We accept that there is good evidence that human chromosome 2 is composed of two fused chromosomes. Again, my main argument about chromosomal fusion isnt that theres no fusion its that if there is fusion, that doesnt demonstrate humanape common. Because chromosome 2 is purported to be the result of a fusion between two primate chromosomes.
New evidence supports creation and refutes the chromosome 2 fusion site as evidence for evolution. Chromosome 2 fusion, ddx11l2 gene, human evolution, human chimpanzee. Of chromosome 2 and puppet propaganda evolution news. Human chromosome 2 from a design perspective even before the release of science and human origins there has been an uproar over human chromosome 2, the alleged fusion of two other chromosomes still found in other primates and sharing a common ancestor with chimps. Chromosomal variation within and between species is a substantial topic that really requires you to read a little about cytogenetics perhaps in a standard genetics text.
More dna evidence against human chromosome fusion the. Some 60 years ago, two researchers, joe hin tjio and albert levan, discovered that the number of chromosomes karyotype in humans was 46 chromosomes, that is, 23 pairs and not 48 as was thought previously 1. They have a staff, along with fellows, who write books many of which are published by the discovery institute press, run web sites, appear on cable tv, all to attack evolutionary biology and promote intelligent design. May 10, 2018 the science regarding chromosome 2 and the possible fusion event are discussed at length in the book science and human origins, and again here, and here. Evidence for fusion in a human chromosome tells you little to nothing about whether humans share a common ancestor with living apes. Pdf alleged human chromosome 2 fusion site encodes an. The two views darrel offers are a chromosome 2 was specially. Science yes, human chromosome 2 fusion really is evidence for common descent. Casey luskin lies about ken miller on chromosome 2. Chromosome 2 is the second largest human chromosome, spanning about 243 million building blocks of dna base pairs and representing almost 8 percent of the total dna in cells. Nevertheless, even if it turns out that geneticists can explain how a chromosome fusion event happened in the middle of a functional gene at one of its.
Four days of fusion chromosome freakout discover magazine. This molecular model involves the hypothetical fusion of two small acrocentric chimpanzeelike chromosomes 2a and 2b at some ancient point in the human evolutionary lineage. Human chromosome 2 a creationist response lukeplant. It could be argued that noah or his wife genesis 6 contained the chromosome 2 fusion and thus repopulated the earth following the great flood with this genomic alteration. Some creationistintelligent design writers, recognizing the strength of dna evidence, have tried to mount arguments against it. Evolutionists allege that human chromosome 2 is the product of an ancient fusion event in an ancient hominid. As will be discussed below, the answer to question 1 is no and the answer to question 2 is yes.
Ken miller, a biology professor from brown university who testified against intelligent design id. The key to this discovery was the introduction of a series of improvements. And just to say it again hox genes clusters to me are a very good example of common design. The goal is to do coalescence analysis on the human y chromosome. Denisovans, humans and the chromosome 2 fusion articles. In the video at his youtube channel coming to peace with science, darrel at 5. Pennsylvania, trial over the legality of teaching intelligent design in public schools. How did the first human ancestor with 23 chromosomes pairs. The video that changed the world chromosome 2 falsified. Tang cj, call k, hermanson g, evans ga, housman d, ward. Oct 26, 2014 new evidence supports creation and refutes the chromosome 2 fusion site as evidence for evolution. New humanchimp chromosome 2 data challenge common ancestry claims. An inversion in chromosome 2 inv2p21p23 that juxtaposes the 5.
Yes, human chromosome 2 fusion really is evidence for. It is by now an established fact that the human chromosome 2 originated as a fusion of two chimpanzee chromosomes and im not about to dispute that, this post is in no way an advocacy of intelligent design. I need someone who has been keeping an eye on the biological literature. The denisovans, an extinct hominid group that interbred with modern humans, made the news again lately with the publication of a more detailed study of their genome. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. Jul 19, 2012 they linked to a post on a site run by the intelligent design clearinghouse, the discovery institute, which provided some details from the book. The two chromosomes it appears to derive from are directly analgous to chromosomes that are found in apes. Jul 22, 2012 the evidence from chromosomal fusion, for one, is strikingly ambiguous. This evidence, however, merely confirms something we already knew. In the article alleged human chromosome 2 fusion site encodes an active dna binding domain inside a complex and highly expressed genenegating fusion written by jeffery p. One of the many interesting findings was that the denisovans share the same chromosome 2 fusion that modern humans have. The phases through which chromosomes replicate, divide, shuffle, and recombine are imperfect, as dna is subject to random mutations. However, once you make this change, an explanation that agrees with creationist accounts of human ancestry just falls out.
As kenneth miller notes in the human instinct, the institute for creation research recently claimed that an active gene is located at the chromosome 2 fusion site, and therefore the whole chromosome 2 fusion theory is falsified. The science regarding chromosome 2 and the possible fusion event are discussed at length in the book science and human origins, and again here, and here. Implications for aging and evidence for intelligent design. Chromosome 2 fusion allen states the the alleged fusion would have caused some genetic isolation. May 08, 2009 i need someone who has been keeping an eye on the biological literature. Our alien origins, intelligent design, and the smoking gun, examining the mysterious human chromosome 2 according to a few courageous scientists, as soon as dna evidence entered the arena of the human story, the theory of evolution, at least in humans, should have died a natural death. Our chromosome number 2 was formed by the fusion of two primate chromosomes this is the paper from nature a little more than a year ago and i put up a little of the paper, im sorry if its technical but look at what it says. See comparison of the human and great ape chromosomes as evidence for common ancestry.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis and centromeric satellite organization of a novel 8. Apr 23, 2007 the evidence that human chromosome 2 is the fusion of two chromosomes is overwhelming. What the literature says about chromosomal fusion and why. And in 1992 a nonfunctioning centromere was located on hc 2 and its location was a match for the centromere on chimp c 2p. Fuz rana join us once again to discuss intelligent design. The impetus for this concept is the evolutionary problem that apes have an extra pair of chromosomeshumans have 46 while apes have 48. The mystery of the missing chromosome with a special guest. Our alien origins, intelligent design, and the smoking gun. Kenneth miller was the leadoff hitter for plaintiffs last week in the trial over id in dover. In the darwinian presentation, the fact that humans possess 23 chromosome pairs and great apes 24 clearly points to an event in which human chromosome 2 formed from a fusion, leaving in its wake the telltale sign of telomeric dna normally appearing as a protective cap at the end of the chromosome in the middle. The human genome is made up of 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosome 2 is often used as irrefutable evidence for apehuman common ancestry. Millers hypothesis perhaps pose problems for a neodarwinian account of human genetic history.
It seems clear that a chromosomal fusion event took place at some time in our human lineage. Chromosomes are the threadlike nucleic acid located in the nucleolus of the living cell. Telomeres consist of many repeats of the nucleotide sequence ttaggg, and at the fusion point of the human chromosome, where the two telomeres fused, this sequence is found head to head. Refuting ken miller on chromosome 2 education videos. The claim that human chromosome 2 must have gotten. Moreover, our fused chromosome 2 contains segments.
Oct 10, 2017 human by design invites you on a journey beyond darwins theory of evolution, beginning with the fact that we exist as we do, even more empowered, and more connected with ourselves and the world, than scientists have believed possible. The first explanation is that an intelligent designer created humans with 48 chromosomes, but they underwent the fusion sometime following creation. It turns out that chromosome 2, which is unique to the human lineage of evolution, emerged as a result of the headtohead fusion of two ancestral chromosomes that remain separate in other primates. This essay is the second of a series authored by dave wisker, graduate student in molecular ecology at the university of central missouri. Chromosome 2 fusion in human basic survival skills. Human chromosome 2 fusion never happened the institute. Jul 22, 2012 in the darwinian presentation, the fact that humans possess 23 chromosome pairs and great apes 24 clearly points to an event in which human chromosome 2 formed from a fusion, leaving in its wake the telltale sign of telomeric dna normally appearing as a protective cap at the end of the chromosome in the middle where it doesnt belong. The chromosome 2 fusion is thought to account for the fact that humans have only 46 2n chromosomes and the great apes, including chimpanzee have 48 2n. Alleged human chromosome 2 fusion site answers in genesis. Chromosome 2 the smoking gun of evolution or intelligent. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Carl hasnt read the book and now, having ducked out of a proper debate, he can go on denouncing it without ever having read it. As mentioned above, rna polymerase ii also binds to the fusion. First, the banding or dye pattern of human chromosome 2 closely matches that of two separate chromosomes found in apes chimp chromosome 2 and an.
In the darwinian presentation, the fact that humans possess 23 chromosome pairs and great apes 24 clearly points to an event in which human chromosome 2 formed from a fusion, leaving in its wake the telltale sign of telomeric dna normally appearing as a protective cap at the end of the chromosome in the middle where it doesnt belong. Modern dna analysis of the human chromosome 2 fusion. As many of you are probably aware, one of in my opinion the best confirmed predictions of evolution would be. A major argument for human evolution from a shared common ancestor with the great apes, particularly chimpanzees, is the chromosome 2 fusion model. It also was noted that the hc 2 centromere lines up perfectly with chimp centromere 2p. They linked to a post on a site run by the intelligent design clearinghouse, the discovery institute, which provided some details from the book. The video that changed the world chromosome 2 falsified 4. In other words, the authors of this new intelligent design book cherrypick a quote out of a paper thats ten years old you can check for yourself, the papers free. If noah or his wife contained a fusion of chromosomes 2a and 2b, then their offspring would have a 50% chance of receiving this chromosome. A tale of two chromosomes a tale of two chromosomes. So, if humans were not a split from the ape lineage in evolutionary theory, there are two other explanations for the appearance of human chromosome 2. Indeed, the pseudogene not a regular active gene ddx11l2 is located adjacent to the fusion site.
Alleged human chromosome 2 fusion site 369 since the original complete sequencing of the fusion region on chromosome 2 fan et al. This scenario involves the claim that the fusion of two small chimpanzeelike chromosomes 2a and 2b formed one stable chimera chromosome in humans, leading to the difference in. Also as denton tells us, although genes may influence every aspect of development they do not determine it. I would claim that i am a believer in intelligent design with the.
The discovery institute promotes intelligent design. Illustration of how chromosome fusion formed human chromosome 2. Amidst other things, millers testimony was aimed at making a case that the neodarwinian hypothesis is as wellsupported as gravitational theory. Two copies of chromosome 2, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. Tomkinss research has definitely made it harder to believe that human chromosome 2 is the result of a fusion event, but there still needs to be a lot more research done on the issue. This post, from october 12, 2010, is worth a second look in light of carl zimmers recent piece on human chromosome fusion in the 2005 kitzmiller v. This scenario involves the claim that the endtoend fusion of two small chimpanzeelike chromosomes now called 2a and 2b in. The evidence that human chromosome 2 is a fusion of two of the common ancestors chromosomes is overwhelming. As i wrote in the previous essay in this series, intelligent design advocate casey luskin doesnt think the fusion which produced human chromosome 2 could have become fixed in the human population. There is therefore a hypothesis that the common ancestor of all great apes had 24 pairs of chromosomes and that the fusion of two of the ancestors chromosomes created chromosome 2 in humans. Ken millers cold chromosomal fusion updated by casey luskin originally written in oct. Tomkins claims that there is evidence that human chromosome 2 was not the result of the fusion of 2 ancestral chromosomes.
Chromosome 2 is one of the twentythree pairs of chromosomes in humans. A major argument supposedly supporting human evolution from a common ancestor with chimpanzees is the chromosome 2 fusion model in which ape chromosomes 2a and 2b purportedly fused endtoend, forming human chromosome 2. One of the more popular arguments used for humans supposedly evolving from apes is known as the chromosome fusion. Chromosome 2 is the secondlargest human chromosome, spanning more than 242 million base pairs and representing almost eight percent of the total dna in human cells chromosome 2 contains the hoxd homeobox gene cluster. The reader is highly encouraged to read the creationist discussions of hc 2 fusion, such as the article by bergman and tomkins chromosome 2 fusion 1 and. The chromosome 2 fusion model of human evolutionpart 1. Modern humans supposedly evolved from a shared common ancestor with a diploid genome of 48 chromosomes, requiring a fusion event. This is when you look at the differences between individuals, and work backwards to see how long it would take to generate those differences, based on the rate at which changes occur.
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